The border stretched from Afghanistan to the Eastern point of Persia declaring Afghanistan an official British protectorate. The relationship between the Russian and British Empires still continued to be strained until the two empires had to join forces to fight against the Central Powers during the First World War.
At present, hostility still exists towards the two powerful nations especially in the wake of Britain's exit from the EU in Joyce Chepkemoi August 1 in Politics. Iroquois Great Law of Peace. United States-Iran Conflict. The War In Afghanistan. All European powers wanted to come and plunder India as they could see how Britain was using Indian wealth to build its own economy. After Napoleon was defeated in battle of waterloo in June, and France lost its influence, the power equation was reset in Europe.
Now there were then only two major powers-Russia and Britain. Both of them were wary of each other. That is why it started looking closely at Afghanistan.
During Napoleonic war years, Britain started focusing on Afghanistan as the land route to reach India had to pass through Afghanistan. According to the treaty no other European would be allowed to enter Afghanistan.
However immediately after signing this treaty, the Amir of Afghanistan lost the throne in a battle against Shah Mehmud. The power game between Russia and Britain continued in context of gaining control of Afghanistan. This was beginning of the Great Game which lasted in its first phase for almost years. This game was primarily played between Britain and Russia and lasted till Japan defeated Russia in However, only after a decade or so the second phase of the Great Game started with Bolshevik revolution in Russia.
This lasted till the collapse of USSR and the communist block in late s. The hunt for Bin Laden started. Laden had made a strong base in Afghanistan surrounded by Islamic fighters. After the Russians, having overwhelmed the Crimean Tatars, moved steadily, petty Turkish state by state, down the shores of the Black, Caspian, and Aral seas toward Persia and Afghanistan.
Their route of march would lead them, the British feared, toward the goal Peter had proclaimed - India. And, obsessed by fears of hordes of Cossacks galloping down from Russia into India, the British believed they would eventually have to defend India from Russia.
Khushhal Khan Khattak, a famous Afghan warrior poet, led a rebellion against the Mughul Dynasty in the s. By Afsharid ruler, Nadir Shaw, gained control of the region. In Nadir was assassinated. Later that year Ahmad Durrani was elected king by a council of tribal leaders. The nation of Afghanistan finally began to take shape under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Durrani after centuries of invasions. He ruled Afghanistan until his death in , leaving over 20 sons. His son Zaman Shah became king in In , another brother Shah Shuja reigned after replacing Mahmud.
Mahmud forced Shuja to flee in and remained king until he was driven from the throne in From until , Afghanistan disintegrated into a group of small units each ruled by a different Durrani leader. The next leader, Dost Muhammad, ascended to the throne in Concerned about growing Persian and Russian influences, the British, along with former King Shuja, invaded Afghanistan in late while Dost Muhammad was still in power.
Shuja was killed a few years later and the British were defeated. Dost Muhammad returned to the throne in As the British thrust across the Indian subcontinent, collecting the petty states into which the Mughal Empire had shattered, they reached what is now Pakistan. To the west was Sind, where a motley collection of local rulers was cowed into a treaty in The terms of the treaty excluded European traders and American settlers.
European traders might have come to the market, and the British, having so recently evicted the French, assumed they would, but American settlers were a figment of their inflamed imagination.
With Sind in their hands, the British turned northeast. The Supreme Government of India having determined on the restoration of His Majesty Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk to the throne of Kahul, orders were given in July for the concentration of a force on the north-western frontier of India for the purpose of carrying into effect the contemplated object. In September the several corps destined for this service were in motion towards the general rendezvous, Ferozepore, where the "Army of the Indus," a designation given it by the then Commander-in-Chief, Sir Henry Fane, was to be embodied previous to its march for the scene of operations.
By control of the Indus valley brought the British into contact with the Pathan peoples in what was later called the Northwest Frontier and Afghanistan. Under the system known as the Close Border System British officers were forbidden to go beyond the red line, British troops were forbidden to patrol beyond the mouths of the passes, and even parties in hot pursuit of robbers were cautioned against following them up into the hills.
On the other hand, hill men were not prevented crossing the Border into the district, while murders, highway robberies, and thefts, perpetrated by these men, were rampant. Sir Robert Sandeman was, no doubt, the one who gave the death-blow to the Close Border System and initiated the Forward Policy on its true lines when he boldly crossed the Dera Ghazi Khan border in This system is precisely on the same lines as that so forcibly and accurately described by Field-Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar.
During the years after the First Anglo-Afghan War the Russians, interested in the territories of Central Asia, continued their advance southward.
0コメント