Presently violence prevails in the Israel-Palestinian relations, and there are no signs that a peaceful process will recommence in the near future. A mutual mistrust and hostility intensified. Every side find guilty the other side in the failure of these attempts and new coil of violence, lasting more than year and taking away lives more than thousand persons.
In opinion of the Israel political correspondent Shlomo Aviner, the most fundamental problem is that Israel and Palestinians imagine the future quite variously: «We deal with the collision of two national motions. And it is attended not only with emotions but also with that these people think about how they identify themselves. And when these two national ideas conflict on the same territory, there is insoluble contradiction.
Just such situation is in Palestine, Israel, Kashmir, and Kosovo…». Palestinians consider that the United States must strengthen pressure on Israel and obtain realization of the already attained agreements, which foresaw the conclusion of troops from the Western bank and Gaza Strip, liquidation of the Jewish settlements and right for Palestinians on self-determination. Meantime Israel, fearing for its safety, insists on stopping of violence acts from Palestinians as a condition precedent of proceeding in peaceful negotiations.
Palestinians argue against the attempts of Osama bin Laden to stop the Palestinian-Israel conflict to the appeal to the Moslems to go in to the sacred war with the West. However, some leaders of the Arabic countries, in particular president of Egypt Khosni Mubarak, assert that headed the United States a campaign against terrorism can not be dissociated from solution of the Israel-Palestinian conflict. It originated from the period of fight for India independence and presently blooms up.
Today it disposes of 40 branches, registered as independent parties and organizations. During — it headed the coalition government of India, and its leader Atal Bikhari Vadzhpai was a prime-minister.
In young days he joined to the Bengali revolutionaries, and then supported Mahatma Gandi. Khedgevar conceived this organization as fraternity of coreligionists. His purpose was defense of community, dharma a moral, religious debt in Hinduism and culture of Hindus, their force consisted in discipline and good organization.
The primary cell of organization was shakkha. It consisted of 50— soldiers, acolytes-volunteers. They are divided by four age groups: from 7 to 10 years, from 10 to 14, from 14 to 28 and from 28 years and upward.
Two third of volunteers are young people from 18 to 25 years. Contemplate on various governmental campaigns which you have been involved with or news stories which caught your attention. Reorganize your previous outstanding projects. Indeed, this may bring some concepts for your paper. Think in terms of a certain situation or issue to resolve or a governmental process which you propose to tackle. Students can indicate their preferred adviser on the proposal.
First Chapter: The draft of the first chapter should be completed by September Main Chapters: The drafts of the main chapters should be completed by November 1.
Submission: See the bulletin for the final submission date, which is usually late December. Once you have an approved proposal, the next step is to meet with your adviser, who specializes in the area of the issue you are examining.
Each faculty member specializing in one of the main areas of political science: international politics, comparative politics, political theory, and American politics. In addition, each professor has a more specific area of expertise within those fields, such as human rights or economic development.
If you have an adviser in mind but need help formulating the thesis, you should seek their advice on putting the proposal together. You and your adviser will develop a work and meeting schedule designed to allow completion of the thesis in a semester.
If you plan to have three chapters of about 20 pages each, for example, you should agree to complete one chapter every month. Those writing a thesis register for Political Science Once your proposal is approved, permission is put into the registration system. At that point, you can then register for POLS as you would for any other course.
Thesis subjects have spanned a wide range of topics, from the death penalty to foreign debts. The most important consideration in choosing a topic is writing on something in which you are very interested. Without interest in the thesis topic, students have found it difficult to sustain the momentum to complete it.
In addition to being interested in the subject, you should develop something original to say about it. Is there a question about the issue that has not been answered or answered well? Is there a bias in the way the issue has been examined? Is there something important to say about the topic that has not been said before? Saying something original makes a thesis a thesis; otherwise it ends up being a summary of already written material.
Below are some of the past thesis projects. Thesis Structure: Although their subjects vary widely, every thesis must have three elements: an argument or question; an original analysis; and specific case studies. Argument : The most important part of the thesis is its argument or main question. Every project must be centered on a new analysis of its subject. For example, many theses about armed conflicts develop new ideas on their causes or impacts.
One way to develop your argument is to pose a question that you believe has not been answered correctly, fairly, or adequately. Many thesis state that question up front, and their answer to it is their argument. No matter what your argument is, it should be presented in the introduction. Analysis : The content of the thesis must be centered on an analysis, with all information presented clearly connected to the main argument. Material that is not directly related to it should be avoided.
There should be no constitutionally guaranteed privileges for religious communities to prescribe or prevent certain policies created by democratically elected governments. In addition, the democratic state must uphold the free exercise of religion in the private realm and retain opportunities for religious communities to promote their beliefs in the public realm. Participative models of democracy describe a system 91 Spicker, The key concepts include voice, empowerment and community organization.
Spicker also identifies multiple social scientists who describe democracy as institutional. Democracy is thus a system of government, defined by its institutional arrangement: Schumpeter famously describes democracy in terms of a competition for the popular vote. Bobbio defines a minimal democracy as characterised by a set of rule about who is eligible to vote, the rights of political parties and free frequent elections; and a set of rules which establish who is authorized to rule and which procedures should be applied.
Each approach—normative, procedural, and institutional— emphasizes key elements of the nature of the democratic system but also may be combined in various permutations to create a recognizable democratic nation. Democracy as a governmental system originally referred to a direct form of majority rule but as democratic ideas spread to larger nations representative forms of democracy became more prevalent.
Within these systems, citizens choose officials to represent their interests in the decision-making process, creating an indirect rule of the people. To allow officials to rule in the stead of the people, Peter Biegelbauer and Janus Hansen assert: The representative tradition assumes that citizens have relatively stable, predefined interests.
Politics is therefore an arena where different groups struggle to have their interests recognised. For this struggle to play out in a fair manner, it is essential that decisions are made in a transparent fashion and that the decisionmakers can be held accountable for their decisions.
The divided government of the United States offers interest groups various ways to shape policy, including lobbying elected representatives and members of the Executive Branch, making campaign contributions, voting in elections, and molding public opinion.
To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed. The make-up of the lobby is no different from many other U. Mearsheimer and Walt reject any claims of conspiracy to explain this success. Congress, where Israel is rarely criticized. Elected officials may concern themselves more with the affairs of a foreign nation than with those of the people they represent.
Nonetheless, within a democracy there can be room for interest groups to influence policy without harming the people. Policy may refer to the overall goal an administration seeks or to the particular programs it strives to enact. As an idealist, President Wilson sought to use foreign policy to bring nations together for the sake of mutual protection and progress. This new system altered the previous mode of national foreign policies in that nation-states now were accountable to a universal set of principles and rules.
International collaboration as a means to solve problems became the modus operandi. The European Union has the same foundational ideas as those of the United Nations, and foreign policy often remains primarily the domain of the nation-states. From the beginning of the mandate, Britain struggled under the effects of the conflicting promises they made to both sides during World War I and sought to balance both sides.
The British White Papers that sought to pacify the Arabs in response to the Arab Revolt enraged the Jewish community, as the policy restricted immigration and land sales.
The desired benefits of the new union required the Germans to set aside their national preferences. The negative effects of the systemic changes on the international arena and on the Middle East have been similarly overlooked. It is still a small state facing various challenges from powerful regional foes. While still wrapped and presented in the language of national security, pressure groups and public opinion…have informed the formulation and implementation of foreign policy.
In dealing with foreign policy as it relates to religious beliefs, it is essential to define what correlation there is between certain policies and beliefs to seek out identifiable patterns or trends. This study focuses on how the beliefs of those who make up the citizenry of a country influence foreign policy.
Given the fact the United States, the European Union, and Israel all have representative governments, policymakers are an integral part of this study as they represent the opinions and beliefs of the populace, while also acting as individuals with personal beliefs and convictions.
As such, the following chapter and portions of Chapter Five will evaluate the ways the religious beliefs of those within the government interact with and affect foreign policy. Some look back to the initial struggle between the biblical ancestors of the two groups, Isaac and Ishmael, thus seeing it as a millennia-old sibling rivalry battling for the primogeniture blessing from Abraham. Wherever one begins the story, historical events construct the modern perceptions each group has of the other.
In addition, the sacred significance of the land area for both the Jewish and Islamic religions imbues the conflict with potential religious importance and justification. One may trace the interactions of the two groups as far back as Abraham; however, this study will briefly discuss the historical background of the area under the Ottoman Empire and then will concentrate on events following the meeting of the Zionist 45 This beginning point in is appropriate as it marked the initiation of increased levels of interaction between the Jews and Palestinians over the area of Palestine.
The war also created the territorial lines and control that nations and officials have questioned or defended over the past forty-five years. Negotiators and advocates for both sides have focused heavily on the legitimacy of pre- or post lines. These historical events stand as the foundation of the current relationship between Israel and the Palestinians and define the key elements of conflict. In order to examine how each group understands the crucial events that have created the current situation, this chapter attempts to survey the historical facts of each event in conjunction with the Israeli perspective on the history of each event in the conflict coupled with a review of the Palestinian perspective.
In order to demonstrate the varied perspectives of the two sides, the review of the historical events will highlight contested facts and events and represent For more information on Ottoman policies on Jewish immigration to Palestine, see Michelle Ursula Campso, Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth Century Palestine Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, and Suraiya Faroqhi et al.
This overview will also highlight the impact the European and American powers had on these events and the evenhandedness or partiality they demonstrated in key decisions. The sides each actor took and the issues they championed historically create their part in the conflict. With the key past events in hand, this thesis will then examine the policy choices in light of their association with the beliefs and opinions of their corresponding citizenry.
Early Jewish Immigration From , Palestine was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, but its inhabitants never formed as a political administrative unit. The Ottomans divided the area into several districts sanjaks within larger provinces or administrative units vilayets. The state owned much of the land, but whether state or privately owned, the local peasants worked the land.
This gave them a sense of communal ownership of it though it lacked any legal formality. Similar to the Arabs, Jewish nationalism remained a cultural and religious idea until the nineteenth century, when the idea of a Jewish state developed as a political ideology. European rationalism, secular nationalism, and imperialism combined with the anti-Semitism of the nineteenth century laid the foundation for the ideas of Theodor Herzl and political Zionism. The Zionist First Congress that met in was the catalyst for the Zionist movement of the twentieth century.
In , the Jewish National Fund was established for the purchase of land; in , the Palestine Land Development Company was created to assist in developing the land. After multiple waves of immigrants, the Jewish population numbered around 60,, or slightly less than 10 percent of the population of Palestine, on the eve of World War I.
World War I World War I centered on the concerns of the European powers; however, due to the breadth of the European empires, the conflict affected many nations around the world.
In the Middle East, the war was a time of varying promises the European powers made to encourage support for their side in the war. Britain honored a different wartime agreement, for alongside these competing British promises the British and French had created the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
This contained a postwar vision to divide the Levant and Iraq into spheres of influence between the two powers. The newly formed League of Nations ratified the treaty, creating zones called mandates for the European powers to administer in order to guide the people along the path to selfgovernment and independence. These mandates married the Wilsonian idea of self- Shannon, This bound Britain to establish conditions to assist the incoming Jewish population along their path toward dominance in Palestine.
The British proposed an Arab agency, but because the Bickerton and Klausner, Because of this as well as political divisions among the Arabs as to who should rule and represent them, the Arabs formed no representative body to promote their interests. This renewed fear and anger among the Arabs, which had begun to subside with the corresponding decreases in Jewish immigration in the s. As anti-Semitism rose in Europe, particularly once Hitler came to power in Germany, the Jewish desire to emigrate from Europe grew, increasing pressure on the British to allow greater levels of immigration to Palestine.
Many Jews also sought to immigrate to the United States or Britain; however, both nations restricted immigration based upon established quotas for people groups, which limited the number of Jews they would accept.
British increases in Jewish immigration to Palestine protected the immigration restrictions the United States and Britain had in place. When World War II began, the Jews had no land of their own or nation to depend on to give them shelter. The British White Papers declared that Palestine would become an independent state within the next ten years. This was meant to be an Arab state since the Papers restricted Jewish immigration to 75, people over the next five years with Arab consent being necessary thereafter.
These White Papers essentially repudiated the Balfour Declaration. The imminence of another world war spurred this shift in British policy, for they were concerned about having reliable bases in the Middle East and wanted to ensure the Arab and Muslim communities were on their side.
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